{"id":3715,"date":"2021-06-30T10:50:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-30T08:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/?p=3715"},"modified":"2022-02-17T12:35:01","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T11:35:01","slug":"african-states-and-the-hague-code-of-conduct-against-ballistic-missile-proliferation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/african-states-and-the-hague-code-of-conduct-against-ballistic-missile-proliferation\/","title":{"rendered":"African states and The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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African states and The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Institute for Security Studies - Africa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Africa Report 34 \n\n\nJune 2021 <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Four of the five most recent subscribing states to The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCoC) are African. Adopted in November 2002 in The Hague, the HCoC\u2019s chief objective is to curb the proliferation of ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, as well as related technology. When fully implemented, the HCoC holds significant security and socio-economic benefits, and is thus of crucial importance given Africa\u2019s developmental context and imperatives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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JUNE 2021<\/strong><\/p>

Gugu Dube, Lauriane H\u00e9au, Emmanuelle Maitre and Noel Stott<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Download in English (ISS Website)<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\"\"<\/h4>

\u00a0<\/p>

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With four of the five most recent subscribing states being <\/span><\/span>African, the continent has seen considerable positive <\/span><\/span>development since 2016 with regard to The Hague <\/span><\/span>Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation <\/span><\/span>(HCoC).<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> Adopted in November 2002, the HCoC\u2019s chief <\/span><\/span>
aim is to limit the proliferation of ballistic missiles, as <\/span><\/span>they are the preferred delivery vehicle for weapons of <\/span><\/span>mass destruction (WMD). The recent increase in their <\/span><\/span>availability, geographic spread and sophistication, as <\/span><\/span>well as their use in con<\/span>fl<\/span><\/span>icts (such as in Yemen<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> and the <\/span><\/span>Armenian-Azerbaijani<\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> con<\/span>fl<\/span><\/span>ict), means that they are once <\/span><\/span>again a growing security concern.<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>

The HCoC not only is the only universal norm against the <\/span><\/span>proliferation of ballistic missile systems but also enhances <\/span><\/span>transparency in ballistic and space-launch programmes. <\/span><\/span>This transparency takes the form of a confidence-<\/span><\/span>building mechanism, which requires subscribing states <\/span><\/span>to notify each other before any ballistic missile or space-<\/span><\/span>launch vehicle is launched or test <\/span>fl<\/span><\/span>ights initiated. This is <\/span><\/span>referred to as pre-launch notifications. <\/span><\/span><\/p>

Africa stands in a paradoxical position vis-\u00e0-vis the <\/span>HCoC. The risk posed by ballistic missiles appears <\/span>relatively low, as few countries have embarked on <\/span>such programmes on the continent. The proliferation <\/span>of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a much <\/span>more immediate threat for many African states. <\/span>Moreover, although on the increase, only a handful of <\/span>states are currently heavily investing in the peaceful <\/span>use of rocket technologies.<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Despite this, regional actors remain supportive of the <\/span>HCoC and the majority of African states have subscribed <\/span>to it. A closer analysis of the position of most African <\/span>countries on the HCoC indicates that this support is an <\/span>expression of their commitment to the struggle against <\/span>
the proliferation of WMDs and their delivery vehicles <\/span>in general. Indeed, it is integral to their unequivocal <\/span>call for the total eradication of all WMDs. This position <\/span>is held in tandem with an emphasis on the fact that<\/span>non-proliferation instruments must not prevent the <\/span>
development of civilian technologies. <\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

African states are also sensitive to the financial <\/span>and human resource costs associated with the <\/span>
implementation of global non-proliferation norms and <\/span>commitments. They often insist on the importance <\/span>of limiting the administrative burden for implementing <\/span>countries; the streamlining of reporting processes; and <\/span>the need to adapt the frameworks to suit their context.<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

This report gives an overview of the HCoC and <\/span>its implementation on the African continent. It <\/span>
points to several challenges but also a number of <\/span>opportunities for African states and ways to increase <\/span>the HCoC\u2019s relevance. Finally, it establishes a set of <\/span>recommendations going forward.<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/p>

Click here to download the report<\/a><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1<\/strong> In 2016, the ISS published an ISS Policy Brief on this topic. See: <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/issafrica.org\/research\/policy-brief\/the-hague-code-of-<\/span><\/span>conduct-against-ballistic-missile-proliferation-relevance-to-african-<\/span><\/span>states <\/span><\/span><\/a>
<\/span><\/p>

2<\/span> <\/span><\/strong>See I Williams and S Shaikh, Lessons from Yemen\u2019s missile war, <\/span><\/span>Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Missile Threat, <\/span><\/span>11 June 2020, https:\/\/missilethreat.csis.org\/lessons-from-yemens-<\/a><\/span><\/span>missile-war\/; <\/span><\/span>Reuters<\/span><\/span>, Yemen\u2019s Houthis attack Saudi oil heartland <\/span><\/span>with drones, missiles, 8 March 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span>article\/us-yemen-security-saudi\/yemens-houthis-fire-missiles-<\/span><\/span>drones-at-saudi-oil-facilities-idUSKBN2AZ03F?il=0 <\/span><\/span><\/a>
<\/span><\/p>

3<\/span> <\/span><\/strong>S Shaikh and W Rumbaugh, The air and missile war in Nagorno-<\/span><\/span>Karabakh: Lessons for the future of strike and defense, CSIS, Missile <\/span><\/span>Threat, 8 December 2020, https:\/\/missilethreat.csis.org\/the-air-and-<\/a><\/span><\/span>missile-war-in-nagorno-karabakh-lessons-for-the-future-of-strike-<\/span><\/span>and-defense\/ <\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Four of the five most recent subscribing states to The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCoC) are African. Adopted in November 2002 in The Hague, the HCoC\u2019s chief objective is to curb the proliferation of ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, as well as related technology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3714,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications","category-other-publications"],"yoast_head":"\nAfrican states and The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation - HCoC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/african-states-and-the-hague-code-of-conduct-against-ballistic-missile-proliferation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"African states and The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation - HCoC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Four of the five most recent subscribing states to The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCoC) are African. 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