{"id":9324,"date":"2026-10-01T10:42:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T08:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/?p=9324"},"modified":"2026-10-01T10:42:26","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T08:42:26","slug":"the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\/","title":{"rendered":"The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9324\" class=\"elementor elementor-9324\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c7c3eca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3c7c3eca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ae741d4\" data-id=\"6ae741d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43650ab5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43650ab5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_top&quot;:&quot;arrow&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-top\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 10\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M350,10L340,0h20L350,10z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-263c2f5b\" data-id=\"263c2f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1d1d51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d1d1d51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In-depth report<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48de0b54\" data-id=\"48de0b54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e14f5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e14f5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation<\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deef3b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deef3b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-247cd09\" data-id=\"247cd09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f9b1d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f9b1d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u2018An engineering cell based in Yemen was using Claude to develop software for guided weapons,\u2019 announced Anthropic (the company developing the large language models (LLMs), Claude) in a security report entitled \u2018Detecting and countering misuse of AI: September 2026\u2019.<a href=\"#notes\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/a> The unit, identified by the company under the code GTG-87001, used Claude to design three different programmes:<\/p><ul><li>Final-phase homing guidance software for a guided rocket intended to operate on a commercial off-the-shelf smartphone.<\/li><li>A multi-stage ballistic missile with a target range of at least 2,000 km.<\/li><li>A multi-variant missile, one variant of which would incorporate a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV).<\/li><\/ul><p>Claude\u2019s operating mode was particularly well-oiled: queries were broken down as much as possible and functions separated so that safeguards could not identify the purposes associated with them and would not censor them. For example, and again according to Anthropic, some accounts carried out the searches, others asked Claude to write code, and finally, others corrected the code. This team employed what is known as \u2018fragmentation evasion\u2019. After linking all the prompts together, the company had these actors\u2019 accounts closed, whilst admitting that it had evidence that they already possessed an offline simulation capability \u2013 unrelated to Claude \u2013 enabling them to continue their numerical simulations. Furthermore, although the accounts have been closed, the Yemeni actors will still be able to create new ones and, once again, attempt to circumvent the safeguards. Even if a direct link to the Houthis has not been established, it nevertheless seems reasonable to attribute this body of research to them, given that they control the region from which the research was launched and have been actively pursuing a strategy of ballistic weapons proliferation for over a decade.<\/p><p>The question, therefore, is whether the use of an LLM by a Houthi engineering unit simply constitutes a new technical support tool, or whether it reveals a more profound transformation in the capability-building model of an actor subject to an embargo?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34e2ad4\" data-id=\"34e2ad4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0b82d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0b82d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-83eb772\" data-id=\"83eb772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c199d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42c199d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Author: Michel Camelot<\/p><p><b>September 2026<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-490096a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"490096a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-eb5f3d7\" data-id=\"eb5f3d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8a9f9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8a9f9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"80\" height=\"96\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pdf-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3024\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e24104\" data-id=\"1e24104\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a1d75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89a1d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/IA-Houthis-HCoC.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #d6b875;\"><strong>Download the full report<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1387b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1387b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce4cd\" data-id=\"b3ce4cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e7904 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"54e7904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccebe30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccebe30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-712fdca\" data-id=\"712fdca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6762c39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6762c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><span style=\"color: #3b5ca2;\"><b>1 <\/b><\/span><\/span>Anthropic, Detecting and Countering Misuse of AI: September 2026, p. 112.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Yemeni engineering cell, probably linked to the Houthis, used Claude to develop guided-weapons software. Anthropic identified three programmes: smartphone-based homing guidance for a guided rocket, a ballistic missile with a range of at least 2,000 km, and work on a hypersonic glide vehicle. This brief argues that AI&#8217;s main value lies in shortening the loop between design, testing and the next iteration.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other-publications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation - HCoC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation - HCoC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A Yemeni engineering cell, probably linked to the Houthis, used Claude to develop guided-weapons software. Anthropic identified three programmes: smartphone-based homing guidance for a guided rocket, a ballistic missile with a range of at least 2,000 km, and work on a hypersonic glide vehicle. This brief argues that AI&#039;s main value lies in shortening the loop between design, testing and the next iteration.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HCoC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-01T08:42:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-01T08:42:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nonproliferation.eu\/hcoc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/240306-D-D0477-1001.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"891\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"526\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Emmanuelle Maitre\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Emmanuelle Maitre\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Emmanuelle Maitre\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6bb00bbfda2c67ca09695af96b6d8b4e\"},\"headline\":\"The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-01T08:42:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-01T08:42:26+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":351,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/240306-D-D0477-1001.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Other publications\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nonproliferation.eu\\\/hcoc\\\/the-houthis-and-ai-assisted-ballistic-proliferation\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Houthis and AI-assisted ballistic proliferation - 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